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๐Ÿ“– Summaries โ€บ Physics

Kinetic Theory of Gases

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Kinetic Theory - Quick Revision

Model

  • A gas is a large number of tiny molecules in random motion, with negligible size and only elastic collisions (no force except during collisions).
  • Ideal gas: PV = nRT = N kB T.

Pressure and temperature

  • P = (1/3) rho vbar^2 = (1/3)(N/V) m vbar^2 (kinetic origin of pressure).
  • Kinetic interpretation: (1/2) m vbar^2 = (3/2) kB T - mean molecular KE depends only on T.
  • rms speed vrms = sqrt(3RT/M) = sqrt(3kBT/m); lighter gases move faster.

Equipartition and specific heats

  • Equipartition: each quadratic degree of freedom carries (1/2)kB T per molecule.
  • Degrees of freedom f: monatomic 3, diatomic 5 (+2 vibrational at high T).
  • Cv = (f/2)R, Cp = (f/2+1)R, gamma = 1 + 2/f (monatomic 1.67, diatomic 1.4).
  • Internal energy U = (f/2) nRT.

Mean free path

  • lambda = 1/(sqrt2 n pi d^2) = kB T/(sqrt2 pi d^2 P) - average distance between collisions; smaller at higher pressure/density.